Who is familiar with search engines tek this one, especially if it is not Google. Google arguably is currently the best and biggest search engines are often used by surfers cyberspace.
Search engine founded by two Stanford University students Larry Page and Sergey Brin this since since its presence continues to experience significant growth.
However, if we compare with other search engines like Yahoo and MSN, Google appears very simple, if we find a direct website especially on the main page just a special form used by user in finding information.
Comparison with other giants such as Yahoo and MSN, then you you meet the latest news and advertisements that accompany him. But because of its simplicity this is precisely Google's shot was so fast and leave tesebut predecessor, even while others enter into an agreement and trying to overthrown the rule of the giant.
The advantages and benefits of Google's precisely because of its simplicity which focuses on the search results. In selecting displays Google search results strictly in rank of a web, so search results are really relevant to the request.
Not only are many information seekers benefited, as an online business we too too much sprayed, let's say they offer the chance of their main advertising programs, Google Adsense to serve ads on the blog publisher.
For those who do not want to create a blog, Google also offers a quick way of promotion of targeted and that is with the Google programs Adwordsnya. Those who do not have the funds to create a blog, Google also provides platformya through Blogspot, they also provide free email facility virtually safe from SPAM ie GMAIL.
Do not forget also Google Earth, with which we can observe the earth by just moving the mouse in hand. Not to be outdone by other browsers, Google also launched Google Chrome for berselencar faster and safer.
In conducting business online, of course, many obstacles that we face, ranging from simple problems to complex problems, and Google can help solve these obstacles.
For this reason, if you menemuai problems and obstacles in the travel business, then do not hesitate to ask for help and make your marketing Google as a waiter, is not currently Google is the world's great libraries?
From here as an online business we can take many lessons from him, and among the many that there are some that I think is very fundamental, namely the principle of "Who's a lot to give, it will be more also receive", another one, "Simplicity is a large value incredible strength. "
Try to note the descriptions above, all of which served (given) Google, both free to a paid, always bring substantial benefits to users.
Which means what?
As an online business (internet marketer), the main thing you should Think of selling is: value (benefit) what can be obtained by people with what you give. " If it has been fulfilled, it is not impossible what we want, be easy to get.
So not much to say, "YOU ASK, GOOGLE ANSWERED" as the headline of this article. This does not mean denying the other, because the fact is so, many of our online business activities involving Google.
Kamis, 09 Juni 2011
Why our bodies need a metal element?
Answer:Dr. Eiichiro Ochiai, someone who is studying chemistry bioanorganik, willing to answer the question above. In short, he talked about the general term needs of the metal elements in biological organisms and describe the usefulness of metal elements with one element of the most widely used metal, iron (Fe). So the following story entitled "A Story About Iron" (© Eiichiro Ochiai).As living beings, we consist of, chemically, kebanykan organic compounds such as proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, vitamins and the like. Organic compounds composed of carbon atoms (C), hydrogen (H), oxygen (O) and nitrogen (N). A number of organic compounds can also contain sulfur (S) or phosphorus (P). That's it, nothing else. Can we live well only with organic compounds? Most people know that the answer is no. Bones and teeth are made of calcium compounds (Ca), which is classified as "inorganic". Blood contains iron (Fe), an inorganic element. Everyone knows that we need a salt (sodium chloride, NaCl), although they do not know why. In fact, about 30 elements known to be required for the functioning of living beings. As you already know, only there are 100 elements that exist in nature, and one third of these elements is essential for living things. An important element of which is (other than those already mentioned): magnesium (Mg), silicon (Si), potassium (K), manganese (Mn), cobalt (Co), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), molybdenum (Mo), iodine (I), selenium (Se), nickel (Ni), and boron (B). A new research field is now being developed, which studies the role of different elements and the role of these compounds in biological systems; science is called "chemical bioanorganik". Too long if this is discussed in the forum this time: therefore, I chose a particular element and describe the field of science called chemistry bioanorganik. The first section "Formation of Iron element" is not an appropriate topic of chemical bioanorganik, but added here to tell you about a very important role of iron.
I'm sure everyone is familiar with the metal iron. Cars and machinery mostly made of iron. Iron is one of the elements that are available are very abundant in nature and the metal of the most interesting, as one of the crucial element for living beings. Here is the story about the iron.
Julukan dari Clifford Kubiak Grup
Website Clifford Kubiak dari UCSD memiliki halaman dalam rasa miskin dibawa turun baru-baru ini. Situs web yang tercantum aturan laboratorium untuk mengikuti saat bekerja di kelompok Kubiak. Sebagian besar peraturan ditulis dengan gaya lidah-di-pipi meliputi kesadaran keselamatan dasar. Namun, Lab Aturan # 3 menonjol. Gambar dari website menyinggung ditampilkan di bawah, dan mengimplikasikan bahwa kata rekan-rekan Tionghoa tidak dapat dipercaya. Sebuah pernyataan hari ini oleh Suresh Subramani (Eksekutif Wakil Rektor Bidang Akademik) dan Mark Thiemens (Dekan, Divisi Ilmu Pengetahuan Fisika) di UCSD berada di bawah.
Atas nama Presiden Mark Yudof, Kanselir Marye Anne Fox, dan UC San Diego masyarakat kita benar-benar kecewa dengan bahasa yang tidak sensitif dan ofensif yang muncul di website Profesor Clifford Kubiak.
Bahasa ini tidak sesuai dengan komitmen kami dengan Prinsip UCSD Masyarakat. Kami telah berkomunikasi hari ini dengan Profesor Kubiak yang telah memastikan bahwa bahasa yang menyinggung telah dihapus dan ia akan memberikan maaf, resmi tertulis. permintaan maaf ini akan diposting di website Profesor Kubiak's. Selanjutnya, kami telah meminta Kantor untuk Pencegahan Pelecehan dan Diskriminasi (OPHD) untuk meninjau masalah tersebut. Harap menerima permintaan maaf tulus kami atas nama Universitas
Saya merasa tidak mungkin bahwa Kubiak sendiri membuat aturan, mungkin karya seorang mahasiswa pascasarjana dengan tanpa kelas. Namun, teks mengatakan aturan # 3 telah diturunkan, menyiratkan bahwa itu adalah topik aktif dibahas dalam kelompok. Kita akan mungkin tidak pernah tahu apa penafsiran jinak penulis sesungguhnya telah untuk aturan # 3, namun sangat disayangkan bahwa cerita ini akan terkait dengan Kubiak. Semoga kebodohan Kubiak akan mengingatkan PI untuk menjaga mata lebih waspada pada webmaster mereka.
Update 1: The San Diego Union Tribune sekarang mengambil cerita - UCSD menutup website atas cercaan (23 Mei)
Update 2: Teks dari permintaan maaf yang diterbitkan oleh Clifford Kubiak di bawah. (24 Mei)
Harap menerima permintaan maaf saya pribadi dan tulus untuk bahasa sensitif baru-baru ini ditemukan di situs laboratorium saya. Saya menemukan ofensif bahasa dan saya malu dengan penilaian buruk dipamerkan dalam posting bahasa menyinggung. Meskipun saya tidak menyadari keberadaan halaman ini sampai dibawa ke perhatian saya, saya menerima tanggung jawab penuh. Saya telah mengambil langkah-langkah untuk menghapus bahasa menyinggung dan akan mengatur pelatihan yang tepat untuk kelompok penelitian saya dan saya relatif terhadap Prinsip UCSD Masyarakat.
Clifford Kubiak
Profesor, Kimia & Biokimia
Tips on How to Treat Bran Being Health Foods
You know the bran is not it? I do not know ... it too! Yes, rice bran is a waste. So, the milled grain will produce waste in the form of husk and bran. There is mention fine bran. Usually just become fodder bran, beef, chicken, duck for example. Well, this time it made animal feed supplement health food cheap.
I have long practiced this. As a practitioner of alternative medicine I advise my patients to consume each bran. The results were encouraging. Bran is very beneficial to restore health to the people who run out of operation, out sick, to help cure people with diabetes and many more benefits.
The way of processing a very lahmudah sedrhana. Bran can you make into snacks, cakes, biscuits, porridge and cereal. For processing into sreal there are two kinds of pure rice bran cereals and cereal mixture. Especially for the healing of disease, especially for those who suffer from diabetes I suggest taking a pure rice bran cereal.
Sedangakn bran cereal on the market today are classified into five types, namely:
1. Traditional cereals, namely cereals sold in the market in the form of raw and processed. Cereals in this form requires cooking before consumption and are generally served while hot.
2. Cereals ready-traditional, ie cereals sold in the form of grains or powder that has been cooked and only require boiling water for preparation.
3. Cereals ready to eat (ready to eat breakfast cereal), a cereal product that has been processed and engineered according to the type and shape, such as flakes, Puffed, and shredded
4. Cereals ready to eat mix (ready to eat-cereal mix), namely processed cereal products with other products, such as grains, kacangkacangan, and / or dried fruit.
5. Various other breakfast cereal products that can not be categorized into four types above for specific processes and / or usefulness eventually. Examples of this type is the nugget cereal and baby food (weaning food).
Making way in Form Bran Cereal
One effort to improve the attractiveness of the community to utilize rice bran is the bran present in the form of a more than usual, such as cereals. The process of making instant rice bran cereal by and large there are two kinds of processed bran cereal bran cereal mixture and pure.
As for how to manufacture a mixture of bran cereal as a delicious drink taste this way:
1. Provide basic ingredients: rice bran, cornstarch, tapioca, sugar, salt, vanilla, cocoa powder, milk powder
2. Prepared tools: mixers, drumdrier, autoclave, basin, mixer
3. Shaken and stirred evenly eggs, sugar, salt and vanilla
4. Entered cornstarch and tapioca that has been sifted.
5. Batter mix evenly, then enter the milk powder, cocoa powder and
bran. Then mixing using a mixer for 30 minutes.
6. Put the dough into the autoclave, steamed at a temperature of 100-120'C for 1-2 hours.
7. The dough is inserted into the drum drier little by little, it will be formed bran cereal in the form of dry sheets.
8. Trivialized the bran cereal with manual milling and then mix and mix well with milk powder.
9. Bran cereals instant ready to be served.
As a way of creating pure bran cereals are thus:
Provide bran powder to taste. Sift in order to obtain a fine bran. Drying was so dry. Then fry without oil fry like coffee. When fully ripe sifter again so really got a smooth bran cereal and pure. How to serve it, pour boiling water into a tablespoon of bran cereal is full of powder with a glass of hot water. Stir - stir. If you have cool drink. It feels a bit tasty kepahit-pahitan. Drink twice a day and evening rice.
Just need to remember that the original bran cereal can not be stored for more than six months since going rancid. This rancid odor ditengarahi because the high protein content.
The content of rice bran according to the results of research that I read from the results of scientific work RACE Writing NATIONAL AGRICULTURE entitled "SEREAL bran RESIDUAL VALUE ADDED AS AN ALTERNATIVE Rice Milling" by Okvina Nur Alvita, Esti Rahayu Rohimah and Sri Mulyani from Bogor Agricultural University (can be downloaded here) is this:
Bran composition (by percent weight), according to Hammond (1998) in a row is 11-13% water, 18-21% crude fat and rice bran oil, 14-16% crude protein, crude srat 8-10%, 9-12% ash and 33-36% carbohydrates, Thiamin (B1), Riboflavin (B2), Calcium, Magnesium, phosphorus, and zinc.
Among the content of the benefits to be gained are:
1. Calcium (Ca) is useful in reducing insomnia, supports the nervous system and muscle construction, and measure your heart rate and prevent blood clotting.
2. Magnesium (Mg) are useful in activate enzymes: role in energy production, protein formation and cell replication, and meningtkan sehungga solubility of calcium in the enzyme can prevent the formation of kidney stones, gall stones and urinary tract stones .. Magnesium deficiency can cause mental disorders, fatigue, and disturbances in cardiac, neurological conditions and konraksi muscle.
3. Manganese (Mn) has the following benefits:
Participate in several enzyme systems, particularly enzyme systems involved in controlling blood sugar, energy metabolism and thyroid hormone
Contribute to the enzyme SOD (super oxyde dismutase) so that the cells are not easily damaged.
Preventing epilepsy, reduces the risk of sudden heart attack
role in brain function.
4. Iron (Fe), pick the following functions:
Participate in a molecule of hemoglobin (red blood cells)
As tramsportasi oxygen (O2) from the lungs to the tissues and transport O2 from the lung tissue to
Very necessary during fetal development, adolescence, and during pregnancy and lactation. Fe deficiency during this period will cause anemia, which could reduce the power of concentration and immune function.
5. Potassium (K) together with sodium to function to maintain body fluid balance and cardiac function. Other potassium function as an introduction to nerve messages to muscles, lowers blood pressure, and sends oxygen to the brain. Lack of potassium causes stressphysical and mental.
6. Zinc (Zn) is essential for cell growth, protein synthesis and utilization of vitamin A. Unlike copper, zinc may not be present in most diets.
I have long practiced this. As a practitioner of alternative medicine I advise my patients to consume each bran. The results were encouraging. Bran is very beneficial to restore health to the people who run out of operation, out sick, to help cure people with diabetes and many more benefits.
The way of processing a very lahmudah sedrhana. Bran can you make into snacks, cakes, biscuits, porridge and cereal. For processing into sreal there are two kinds of pure rice bran cereals and cereal mixture. Especially for the healing of disease, especially for those who suffer from diabetes I suggest taking a pure rice bran cereal.
Sedangakn bran cereal on the market today are classified into five types, namely:
1. Traditional cereals, namely cereals sold in the market in the form of raw and processed. Cereals in this form requires cooking before consumption and are generally served while hot.
2. Cereals ready-traditional, ie cereals sold in the form of grains or powder that has been cooked and only require boiling water for preparation.
3. Cereals ready to eat (ready to eat breakfast cereal), a cereal product that has been processed and engineered according to the type and shape, such as flakes, Puffed, and shredded
4. Cereals ready to eat mix (ready to eat-cereal mix), namely processed cereal products with other products, such as grains, kacangkacangan, and / or dried fruit.
5. Various other breakfast cereal products that can not be categorized into four types above for specific processes and / or usefulness eventually. Examples of this type is the nugget cereal and baby food (weaning food).
Making way in Form Bran Cereal
One effort to improve the attractiveness of the community to utilize rice bran is the bran present in the form of a more than usual, such as cereals. The process of making instant rice bran cereal by and large there are two kinds of processed bran cereal bran cereal mixture and pure.
As for how to manufacture a mixture of bran cereal as a delicious drink taste this way:
1. Provide basic ingredients: rice bran, cornstarch, tapioca, sugar, salt, vanilla, cocoa powder, milk powder
2. Prepared tools: mixers, drumdrier, autoclave, basin, mixer
3. Shaken and stirred evenly eggs, sugar, salt and vanilla
4. Entered cornstarch and tapioca that has been sifted.
5. Batter mix evenly, then enter the milk powder, cocoa powder and
bran. Then mixing using a mixer for 30 minutes.
6. Put the dough into the autoclave, steamed at a temperature of 100-120'C for 1-2 hours.
7. The dough is inserted into the drum drier little by little, it will be formed bran cereal in the form of dry sheets.
8. Trivialized the bran cereal with manual milling and then mix and mix well with milk powder.
9. Bran cereals instant ready to be served.
As a way of creating pure bran cereals are thus:
Provide bran powder to taste. Sift in order to obtain a fine bran. Drying was so dry. Then fry without oil fry like coffee. When fully ripe sifter again so really got a smooth bran cereal and pure. How to serve it, pour boiling water into a tablespoon of bran cereal is full of powder with a glass of hot water. Stir - stir. If you have cool drink. It feels a bit tasty kepahit-pahitan. Drink twice a day and evening rice.
Just need to remember that the original bran cereal can not be stored for more than six months since going rancid. This rancid odor ditengarahi because the high protein content.
The content of rice bran according to the results of research that I read from the results of scientific work RACE Writing NATIONAL AGRICULTURE entitled "SEREAL bran RESIDUAL VALUE ADDED AS AN ALTERNATIVE Rice Milling" by Okvina Nur Alvita, Esti Rahayu Rohimah and Sri Mulyani from Bogor Agricultural University (can be downloaded here) is this:
Bran composition (by percent weight), according to Hammond (1998) in a row is 11-13% water, 18-21% crude fat and rice bran oil, 14-16% crude protein, crude srat 8-10%, 9-12% ash and 33-36% carbohydrates, Thiamin (B1), Riboflavin (B2), Calcium, Magnesium, phosphorus, and zinc.
Among the content of the benefits to be gained are:
1. Calcium (Ca) is useful in reducing insomnia, supports the nervous system and muscle construction, and measure your heart rate and prevent blood clotting.
2. Magnesium (Mg) are useful in activate enzymes: role in energy production, protein formation and cell replication, and meningtkan sehungga solubility of calcium in the enzyme can prevent the formation of kidney stones, gall stones and urinary tract stones .. Magnesium deficiency can cause mental disorders, fatigue, and disturbances in cardiac, neurological conditions and konraksi muscle.
3. Manganese (Mn) has the following benefits:
Participate in several enzyme systems, particularly enzyme systems involved in controlling blood sugar, energy metabolism and thyroid hormone
Contribute to the enzyme SOD (super oxyde dismutase) so that the cells are not easily damaged.
Preventing epilepsy, reduces the risk of sudden heart attack
role in brain function.
4. Iron (Fe), pick the following functions:
Participate in a molecule of hemoglobin (red blood cells)
As tramsportasi oxygen (O2) from the lungs to the tissues and transport O2 from the lung tissue to
Very necessary during fetal development, adolescence, and during pregnancy and lactation. Fe deficiency during this period will cause anemia, which could reduce the power of concentration and immune function.
5. Potassium (K) together with sodium to function to maintain body fluid balance and cardiac function. Other potassium function as an introduction to nerve messages to muscles, lowers blood pressure, and sends oxygen to the brain. Lack of potassium causes stressphysical and mental.
6. Zinc (Zn) is essential for cell growth, protein synthesis and utilization of vitamin A. Unlike copper, zinc may not be present in most diets.
Google Investing in the Future Forecasters Site
As quoted from the site Mashable, Google does not explain how the value of investments had been sown into this company.
However, as depicted from the name, Future Recorded create applications that take advantage of quantified data from the past and present, as well as trying to predict future trends.
Recorded Future offers alerts on the topics of financial markets, geopolitical news, industry changes, prominent figures, technology and information security.
Recorded Future applications can be fully customizable to obtain the results of other forecasting a more personal, or other topics desired by the user.
During this time, predict the future is big business for industries such as finance, marketing, and betting. Analysts in the region also make predictions based on the method of quantification and decomposition of the condition occurring.
Recorded Future Users must choose specific areas of what was to be known in the future, namely by selecting a specific event on the drop down box 'What', choose a subject or a specific location on the 'Who / Where' and the desired time on the 'When'.
After that Recorded Future will show the results. In addition, this service can preach the latest developments from the fields of interest by users, through a notification email
Foreign offers to buy stake in Surabaya Intiland
Intiland Development (DILD) reportedly is exploring a number of foreign and local investors to form a partnership or joint venture company to work on projects in Surabaya.
"The issue, the company successfully took two foreign investors who are equally engaged in property," said the source VIVAnews.com in Jakarta on Tuesday evening, April 19, 2011.
Investors, according to him, interested in forming a subsidiary of the company to work on a number of projects in Surabaya. "Primarily, the project reached Rp1 trillion," the source added.
Intiland Corporate Secretary, Theresa Rustandi, as confirmed said that the company is always open to any party to a joint venture company in working on each project.
"We never closed the door for foreign and domestic investors if wishes to work together," he said when contacted VIVAnews.com in Jakarta, Wednesday, April 20, 2011.
Of course, he adds, the company will accept with open arms if there is foreign investors who are interested in helping the company in working on projects in Surabaya Intiland. "While many have explored, but this time for projects in Surabaya is still our own doing," said Theresa.
As is known, Intiland Development will work on residential projects in Surabaya Graha Natura. According to Vice President Director Intiland, Sinarto Dharmawan, projects that will do it standing on a land area of 100 hectares.
In the meantime, investment will be invested in this project, he said, estimated at more than Rp 1 trillion, which ranges from Rp400 billion early stage and second stage 650 billion.
As of March 31, 2011, UBS AG Singapore S / A Truss Inv Partners Pte Ltd has a stake of 22.24 percent DILD coded, PT Permata Ratnamulia (7.28 percent), Credit Suisse AG, Singapore (20.03 percent), Faith Mount Investments Limited as much (6.95 percent). The rest was held by the public.
At the close of the first session of trading today, DILD closed stagnant in the position of Rp360 per share. PT UOB Kay Hian Securities with AI code was recorded as the broker of the most widely collected stock Intiland Development.
Meanwhile, according to Robin Setiawan, PT Valbury Asia Securities analyst, with the entry of foreign and local investors in these projects the company show that the project would gulp Intiland promising and profitable.
"As for his own company, of course project under construction could be performed and it could be a positive sentiment for the performance of the company, along with the prospects of its shares on the bourse," he said.
He recommends buying for stock accumulation DILD coded for short and medium term, because the price is likely to penetrate the range of levels of Rp420-500. "Moreover, with the occupancy or demand for property increases, would provide a positive sentiment for the company," he said. (Art)
"The issue, the company successfully took two foreign investors who are equally engaged in property," said the source VIVAnews.com in Jakarta on Tuesday evening, April 19, 2011.
Investors, according to him, interested in forming a subsidiary of the company to work on a number of projects in Surabaya. "Primarily, the project reached Rp1 trillion," the source added.
Intiland Corporate Secretary, Theresa Rustandi, as confirmed said that the company is always open to any party to a joint venture company in working on each project.
"We never closed the door for foreign and domestic investors if wishes to work together," he said when contacted VIVAnews.com in Jakarta, Wednesday, April 20, 2011.
Of course, he adds, the company will accept with open arms if there is foreign investors who are interested in helping the company in working on projects in Surabaya Intiland. "While many have explored, but this time for projects in Surabaya is still our own doing," said Theresa.
As is known, Intiland Development will work on residential projects in Surabaya Graha Natura. According to Vice President Director Intiland, Sinarto Dharmawan, projects that will do it standing on a land area of 100 hectares.
In the meantime, investment will be invested in this project, he said, estimated at more than Rp 1 trillion, which ranges from Rp400 billion early stage and second stage 650 billion.
As of March 31, 2011, UBS AG Singapore S / A Truss Inv Partners Pte Ltd has a stake of 22.24 percent DILD coded, PT Permata Ratnamulia (7.28 percent), Credit Suisse AG, Singapore (20.03 percent), Faith Mount Investments Limited as much (6.95 percent). The rest was held by the public.
At the close of the first session of trading today, DILD closed stagnant in the position of Rp360 per share. PT UOB Kay Hian Securities with AI code was recorded as the broker of the most widely collected stock Intiland Development.
Meanwhile, according to Robin Setiawan, PT Valbury Asia Securities analyst, with the entry of foreign and local investors in these projects the company show that the project would gulp Intiland promising and profitable.
"As for his own company, of course project under construction could be performed and it could be a positive sentiment for the performance of the company, along with the prospects of its shares on the bourse," he said.
He recommends buying for stock accumulation DILD coded for short and medium term, because the price is likely to penetrate the range of levels of Rp420-500. "Moreover, with the occupancy or demand for property increases, would provide a positive sentiment for the company," he said. (Art)
Rabu, 08 Juni 2011
Asam Sulfat
Lembar Data Keselamatan Bahan :
 | |||
| Nama data | : | ||
| Nama sinonim | : | Oil of Vitriol, Battery Acid, Fertilizer Acid | |
| Nama Inggris | : | Sulphuric Acid | |
| LKB | : | 001-98 | |
| CAS | : | 7664-93-9 | |
| Rumus molekul | : | H2SO4 | |
| Berat molekul | : | 98,08 | |
| Informasi bahan singkat | : | Asam sulfat banyak digunakan dalam industri. Cairan kental, amat korosif. Bereaksi dengan jaringan tubuh. Berbahaya bila kontak dengan kulit dan mata. Bereaksi hebat dengan air dan mengeluarkan panas (eksotermis). Bereaksi pula dengan logam, kayu, pakaian dan zat organik. Uapnya amat iritatif terhadap saluran pernapasan. | |
| Sifat-sifat bahaya | |||
| Kesehatan | : | Efek jangka pendek : Penghirupan uap asam menyebabkan iritasi pada hidung dan tenggorokan serta mengganggu paru-paru. Cairan asam dapat merusak kulit dan menimbulkan luka yang amat sakit. Dapat menimbulkan kebutaan bila terkena mata. Efek jangka panjang : Penghirupan uap asam kadar kecil dalam jangka panjang berakibat iritasi pada hidung, tenggorokan dan paru-paru. NAB : 1 mg/m3 (ACGIH 1987-88) Toksisitas : LD-50 = 2,14 g/kg (tikus); LC-50 = 510 mg/m3 (tikus); IDLH = 80 mg/m3 | |
| Kebakaran | : | Tidak terbakar, tetapi asam pekat bersifat oksidator yang dapat menimbulkan kebakaran bila kontak dengan zat organik seperti gula, selulosa dan lain-lain. Amat reaktif dengan bubuk zat organik. | |
| Reaktivitas | : | Mengalami penguraian bila kena panas, mengeluarkan gas SO2. Asam encer bereaksi dengan logam menghasilkan gas hidrogen yang eksplosif bila kena nyala atau panas. Asam sulfat bereaksi hebat dengan air. | |
| Sifat-sifat fisika | |||
| Titik leleh (oC) | : | 10 | |
| Titik didih (oC) | : | 290 | |
| Tekanan uap (mmHg) | : | 1 (146 oC) | |
| Berat jenis cairan | : | 1,84 (100 persen) | |
| Berat jenis gas | : | - | |
| Berat jenis uap | : | 3,4 (udara = 1) | |
| Kelarutan | : | - | |
| Bau | : | - | |
| Keselamatan dan pengamanan | |||
| Penanganan dan penyimpanan | : | Hindari kontak langsung dengan asam. Cegah penghisapan uap atau kabut, dengan bekerja dalam almari asam atau dengan ventilasi yang baik. Pengenceran asam dilakukan dengan menambahkan asam sedikit demi sedikit ke dalam air dan bukan sebaliknya. Ingat eksotermik ! Simpan asam dalam wadah yang kuat di tempat berventilasi dan dingin. Jauhkan dari air, zat organik mudah terbakar dan logam. Perhatikan kebocoran wadah. kebocoran dapat merusak lantai. | |
| Tumpahan dan kebocoran | : | Jangan sentuh tumpahan asam. merusak kulit atau pakaian dan lantai. Netralkan tumpahan dengan larutan soda atau kapur, sebelum disiram dengan air. Beri ventilasi. Hati-hati terhadap tempat rendah (uap lebih berat dari udara). Pakai alat pelindung diri dalam menangani tumpahan asam. | |
| Alat pelindung diri | : | Paru-paru : filter penyerap asam atau respirator udara. Mata : pelindung muka. Kulit : sarung tangan (CPE, neoprene, PE), pakaian kerja. | |
| Pertolongan pertama | : | Penghirupan : bawa korban ke tempat segar, cari pengobatan. Terkena mata : cuci dengan air bersih (dan hangat) selama 20 menit dan segera bawa ke dokter. Terkena kulit : cuci dengan air bersih lk. 20 menit, cari pengobatan. Tertelan : bila sadar beri minum 1-2 gelas, bawa ke dokter. | |
| Pemadaman api | : | informasi tidak dibuka cuma-cuma | |
| Informasi lingkungan | : | Penyebab asam dalam air limbah dan mengganggu kehidupan tanaman dan binatang dalam air. Penetralan dapat dilakukan dengan soda atau air kapur sampai pH 6-9 sebelum dibuang ke lingkungan. Residu netralisasi dapat dicampur dengan tanah atau pasir. | |
Senin, 25 April 2011
Have you ever noticed that always basic kettle to boil the water you use? The longer base of the kettle will be increasingly thick. Crust formed on the base of the kettle will cause heat delivery is retarded, so as to heat water heating would requires a longer time.
Crust formed on the base of the kettle is caused by hard water. Hard water is water that contains ions Ca2 + or Mg2 +. Water is not aware of dangerous waters, because these ions can be dissolved in water. However, with high levels of Ca2 + which will cause water to become turbid.
Although not dangerous, it turns hard water can cause some harm, among others:
Soap become less bubbly. This happens because the ions Ca2 + or Mg2 + can react with soap to form sediment.
Ca2 + (aq) + 2RCOONa (aq) -> Ca (RCOO) 2 (s) + 2Na + (aq)
With the formation of sediment, then the soap function as a binder dirt to become less or even ineffective. Soap will be bubbly again after all the ions Ca2 + or Mg2 + contained in the water settles. Another case with detergent, detergents do not react with the ions Ca2 + or Mg2 + so that the detergent is not affected by hard water.
Hard water can cause the formation of crust at the bottom of the kettle that always used to heat water. So that is needed to heat water heating is longer. This is a waste of energy. The emergence of crust on the steam pipes can cause a blockage so feared tersbut pipes will burst.
Hard water is classified into two types, based on the type of anion bound by cations (Ca2 + or Mg2 +), ie hard water temporary and permanent hard water.
Temporary hard water
While hard water is hard water containing bicarbonate ions (HCO3-), or may be water containing a compound of calcium bicarbonate (Ca (HCO3) 2) and / or magnesium bicarbonate (Mg (HCO3) 2). Water containing ions or compounds called temporary hard water because kesadahannya can be eliminated by heating the water, so water is free from ion or Ca2 + and Mg2 +. By heating these compounds will settle to the bottom kettle. The reaction is: Ca (HCO3) 2 (aq) -> CaCO3 (s) + H2O (l) + CO2 (g)
Permanent hard water
Permanent hard water is hard water that mengadung anions other than bicarbonate ions, for example to form ion Cl-, NO3-and SO42-. Means that soluble compounds may be in the form of calcium chloride (CaCl2), calcium nitrate (Ca (NO3) 2), calcium sulfate (CaSO4), magnesium chloride (MgCl2), magnesium nitrate (Mg (NO3) 2), and magnesium sulfate (MgSO4 .) Water containing these compounds called permanent hard water, because kesadahannya not be eliminated simply by heating. To free it from the hardness of water, must be done by chemical means, namely by reacting water with certain chemical substances. Reagent used is a solution of carbonate, which is Na2CO3 (aq) or K2CO3 (aq). The addition is intended to precipitate a solution of carbonate ion or Ca2 + and Mg2 +.
CaCl2 (aq) + Na2CO3 (aq) -> CaCO3 (s) + 2NaCl (aq)
Mg (NO3) 2 (aq) + K2CO3 (aq) -> MgCO3 (s) + 2KNO3 (aq)
With the formation of precipitate CaCO3 or MgCO3 means the water has been liberated from the ion Ca2 + or Mg2 + or in other words the water has been free of hardness.
In industries that use steam boilers, water used must be free of hardness. The process of removal of water hardness that is often conducted in industries is through screening by using the substances as follows:
1. Cation and anion resin binder.
Hardness is generally removed using ion exchange resins. Commercial water softener resin can be used on a small scale, though not effectively used for large scale. Resin is a substance that has a large pore and act as ion exchange derived from polysterol, or polyakrilat a granular form or a small ball which has a basic structure that joins with cationic functional groups, non-ionic / anionic or acid. Often times the resin used to remove large molecules from water such as acid humus, liqnin, sulfonic acid. For the regeneration of used alkaline salts or sodium hydroxide, hydrochloric acid can also be used if the resin with acid properties. In regeneration it produced organic eluent containing a high concentration. For the process of drinking water until now hunya used resin with anionic character.
Synthetic ion exchange resin is a polymer that consists of two parts, namely the functional structure and the matrix resin is difficult to dissolve. These ion exchange resins made by condensing phenol with formaldehyde which is then followed by a sulfonation reaction to obtain a strong acid ion exchange resins.
As for the strong base ion exchange resin obtained by phenilendiamine condense with formaldehyde and has been shown that both the cation exchange resin and anion exchange resin synthesis results can be used to separate or take salt - salt.
In general, compounds that are used for the basic framework of a strong acid ion exchange resin and strong base styrene polymer is a compound divinilbenzena. Chemical bonds in polymers is very strong so it is not easily soluble in acidic and alkaline properties are high and remain stable at temperatures above 150oC.
This polymer is prepared by reacting styrene with divinilbenzena, having formed the framework of the ion exchange resin will be used for attachment of cluster ions to be exchanged.
Cation exchange resin prepared by reacting the base compound with a cluster ion that can produce (release) positive ions. Cluster ions are commonly used in strong acid cation exchange resin is a sulfonic group and a way of making the sulfonated polymer polistyren divinilbenzena (matrix resin).
Exchange resin on which reacted with the cluster ions that can release negative ions obtained by anion exchange resins. Anion exchange resins are made with the same matrix with cation exchange resin but the cluster ions can be inserted to remove the negative ions, for example-N (CH3) 3 + or other group or in other words after the formation of copolymer styren divinilbenzena (DVB), then later diaminasi diklorometilasikan to obtain anion exchange resin.
Cluster ions in ion exchange is a group of hydrophilic (water soluble). Ions dissolved in water is the ion - ion are interchangeable because of this group attached to the polymer, then he can pull all the polymer molecules in water, the polymer resin is bonded by crosslinking (cross linked) with other polymer molecules, the result will swell in water .
The mechanism of ion exchange resins, although the non-crystallization is very similar to the exchange of crystal lattice ions. With ion exchange resin is happening on the overall structure of the gel from the resin and is not confined to surface effects. In the anion exchange resin, the exchange occurs due to covalent acid absorption. If anion exchange is poliamin, amine content of the resin is a measure of the total exchange capacity.
In the ion exchange process if electrolyte comes in contact directly with ion exchange resins will occur in a stoichiometric exchange of a number of ions - ions that are exchanged with ions - ions with the same charge will be exchanged with ions - ions with the same charge also with a comparable amount.
Ion exchange materials is the main form of grains or granular with the structure of long molecules (the co-polymerization), by inserting the functional group of sulfonic acid, carboxyl ions. These compounds will be joined by ion pairs such as Na +, OH-or H +. This compound is a porous structure. This compound is a positive ion exchange (cationic) to exchange ions with electrolyte the same charge (positive) and vice versa negative ion exchange (anionic) to exchange anions contained in water treated in the unit, "Ion Exchangers".
Ion replacement process could be "reversible" (to return), which means that ion exchange material can be regenerated. As an example for the regeneration material cationic form Na + exchanger can be regenerated with concentrated NaCl solution, H + form regenerated using HCl solution anionic exchanger material while the OH-form can be regenerated with NaOH solution (see the user manual from the factory that sells this material.)
Regeneration is a rejuvenation, penginfeksian with new strength against the ion exchange resin has been exhausted when it works or already overburdened, it has been saturated. Regeneration of ion exchange can be done easily because the ion exchange is a reversible process that should be attempted only for the ongoing regeneration reaction in the opposite direction of the ion exchange.
2. Using Zeolites.
Zeolite has the chemical formula Na2 (Al2SiO3O10) .2 H2O or K2 (Al2SiO3O10) .2 H2O. zeolite has a three-dimensional structures have pores that can dikewati water. Ion Ca2 + and Mg2 + ions will be exchanged with Na + and K + from the zeolite, so the water is free of hardness.
The easiest way to find out the water that you always use is water conscious or not using soap. When the water you use is hard water, the soap will be difficult berbiuh, even if bubbly, berbuihnya little. Then to know what types of water hardness is by heating. If you find that after heating, foaming soap remains difficult, meaning the water that you use is hard water remains.
To remove the temporary hardness or hardness is still on the water you use at home can be done by using a zeolite. You simply provide a keg which can accommodate a zeolite. At the bottom of the vat was made faucet. Water that you will use is passed on first zeolite. Water that has passed through the zeolite can be used for domestic purposes, spserti washing, bathing and cooking purposes.
Zeolite has the capacity to exchange ions, which means you can not use the same zeolite forever. So at a certain time frame you have to replace it.
Crust formed on the base of the kettle is caused by hard water. Hard water is water that contains ions Ca2 + or Mg2 +. Water is not aware of dangerous waters, because these ions can be dissolved in water. However, with high levels of Ca2 + which will cause water to become turbid.
Although not dangerous, it turns hard water can cause some harm, among others:
Soap become less bubbly. This happens because the ions Ca2 + or Mg2 + can react with soap to form sediment.
Ca2 + (aq) + 2RCOONa (aq) -> Ca (RCOO) 2 (s) + 2Na + (aq)
With the formation of sediment, then the soap function as a binder dirt to become less or even ineffective. Soap will be bubbly again after all the ions Ca2 + or Mg2 + contained in the water settles. Another case with detergent, detergents do not react with the ions Ca2 + or Mg2 + so that the detergent is not affected by hard water.
Hard water can cause the formation of crust at the bottom of the kettle that always used to heat water. So that is needed to heat water heating is longer. This is a waste of energy. The emergence of crust on the steam pipes can cause a blockage so feared tersbut pipes will burst.
Hard water is classified into two types, based on the type of anion bound by cations (Ca2 + or Mg2 +), ie hard water temporary and permanent hard water.
Temporary hard water
While hard water is hard water containing bicarbonate ions (HCO3-), or may be water containing a compound of calcium bicarbonate (Ca (HCO3) 2) and / or magnesium bicarbonate (Mg (HCO3) 2). Water containing ions or compounds called temporary hard water because kesadahannya can be eliminated by heating the water, so water is free from ion or Ca2 + and Mg2 +. By heating these compounds will settle to the bottom kettle. The reaction is: Ca (HCO3) 2 (aq) -> CaCO3 (s) + H2O (l) + CO2 (g)
Permanent hard water
Permanent hard water is hard water that mengadung anions other than bicarbonate ions, for example to form ion Cl-, NO3-and SO42-. Means that soluble compounds may be in the form of calcium chloride (CaCl2), calcium nitrate (Ca (NO3) 2), calcium sulfate (CaSO4), magnesium chloride (MgCl2), magnesium nitrate (Mg (NO3) 2), and magnesium sulfate (MgSO4 .) Water containing these compounds called permanent hard water, because kesadahannya not be eliminated simply by heating. To free it from the hardness of water, must be done by chemical means, namely by reacting water with certain chemical substances. Reagent used is a solution of carbonate, which is Na2CO3 (aq) or K2CO3 (aq). The addition is intended to precipitate a solution of carbonate ion or Ca2 + and Mg2 +.
CaCl2 (aq) + Na2CO3 (aq) -> CaCO3 (s) + 2NaCl (aq)
Mg (NO3) 2 (aq) + K2CO3 (aq) -> MgCO3 (s) + 2KNO3 (aq)
With the formation of precipitate CaCO3 or MgCO3 means the water has been liberated from the ion Ca2 + or Mg2 + or in other words the water has been free of hardness.
In industries that use steam boilers, water used must be free of hardness. The process of removal of water hardness that is often conducted in industries is through screening by using the substances as follows:
1. Cation and anion resin binder.
Hardness is generally removed using ion exchange resins. Commercial water softener resin can be used on a small scale, though not effectively used for large scale. Resin is a substance that has a large pore and act as ion exchange derived from polysterol, or polyakrilat a granular form or a small ball which has a basic structure that joins with cationic functional groups, non-ionic / anionic or acid. Often times the resin used to remove large molecules from water such as acid humus, liqnin, sulfonic acid. For the regeneration of used alkaline salts or sodium hydroxide, hydrochloric acid can also be used if the resin with acid properties. In regeneration it produced organic eluent containing a high concentration. For the process of drinking water until now hunya used resin with anionic character.
Synthetic ion exchange resin is a polymer that consists of two parts, namely the functional structure and the matrix resin is difficult to dissolve. These ion exchange resins made by condensing phenol with formaldehyde which is then followed by a sulfonation reaction to obtain a strong acid ion exchange resins.
As for the strong base ion exchange resin obtained by phenilendiamine condense with formaldehyde and has been shown that both the cation exchange resin and anion exchange resin synthesis results can be used to separate or take salt - salt.
In general, compounds that are used for the basic framework of a strong acid ion exchange resin and strong base styrene polymer is a compound divinilbenzena. Chemical bonds in polymers is very strong so it is not easily soluble in acidic and alkaline properties are high and remain stable at temperatures above 150oC.
This polymer is prepared by reacting styrene with divinilbenzena, having formed the framework of the ion exchange resin will be used for attachment of cluster ions to be exchanged.
Cation exchange resin prepared by reacting the base compound with a cluster ion that can produce (release) positive ions. Cluster ions are commonly used in strong acid cation exchange resin is a sulfonic group and a way of making the sulfonated polymer polistyren divinilbenzena (matrix resin).
Exchange resin on which reacted with the cluster ions that can release negative ions obtained by anion exchange resins. Anion exchange resins are made with the same matrix with cation exchange resin but the cluster ions can be inserted to remove the negative ions, for example-N (CH3) 3 + or other group or in other words after the formation of copolymer styren divinilbenzena (DVB), then later diaminasi diklorometilasikan to obtain anion exchange resin.
Cluster ions in ion exchange is a group of hydrophilic (water soluble). Ions dissolved in water is the ion - ion are interchangeable because of this group attached to the polymer, then he can pull all the polymer molecules in water, the polymer resin is bonded by crosslinking (cross linked) with other polymer molecules, the result will swell in water .
The mechanism of ion exchange resins, although the non-crystallization is very similar to the exchange of crystal lattice ions. With ion exchange resin is happening on the overall structure of the gel from the resin and is not confined to surface effects. In the anion exchange resin, the exchange occurs due to covalent acid absorption. If anion exchange is poliamin, amine content of the resin is a measure of the total exchange capacity.
In the ion exchange process if electrolyte comes in contact directly with ion exchange resins will occur in a stoichiometric exchange of a number of ions - ions that are exchanged with ions - ions with the same charge will be exchanged with ions - ions with the same charge also with a comparable amount.
Ion exchange materials is the main form of grains or granular with the structure of long molecules (the co-polymerization), by inserting the functional group of sulfonic acid, carboxyl ions. These compounds will be joined by ion pairs such as Na +, OH-or H +. This compound is a porous structure. This compound is a positive ion exchange (cationic) to exchange ions with electrolyte the same charge (positive) and vice versa negative ion exchange (anionic) to exchange anions contained in water treated in the unit, "Ion Exchangers".
Ion replacement process could be "reversible" (to return), which means that ion exchange material can be regenerated. As an example for the regeneration material cationic form Na + exchanger can be regenerated with concentrated NaCl solution, H + form regenerated using HCl solution anionic exchanger material while the OH-form can be regenerated with NaOH solution (see the user manual from the factory that sells this material.)
Regeneration is a rejuvenation, penginfeksian with new strength against the ion exchange resin has been exhausted when it works or already overburdened, it has been saturated. Regeneration of ion exchange can be done easily because the ion exchange is a reversible process that should be attempted only for the ongoing regeneration reaction in the opposite direction of the ion exchange.
2. Using Zeolites.
Zeolite has the chemical formula Na2 (Al2SiO3O10) .2 H2O or K2 (Al2SiO3O10) .2 H2O. zeolite has a three-dimensional structures have pores that can dikewati water. Ion Ca2 + and Mg2 + ions will be exchanged with Na + and K + from the zeolite, so the water is free of hardness.
The easiest way to find out the water that you always use is water conscious or not using soap. When the water you use is hard water, the soap will be difficult berbiuh, even if bubbly, berbuihnya little. Then to know what types of water hardness is by heating. If you find that after heating, foaming soap remains difficult, meaning the water that you use is hard water remains.
To remove the temporary hardness or hardness is still on the water you use at home can be done by using a zeolite. You simply provide a keg which can accommodate a zeolite. At the bottom of the vat was made faucet. Water that you will use is passed on first zeolite. Water that has passed through the zeolite can be used for domestic purposes, spserti washing, bathing and cooking purposes.
Zeolite has the capacity to exchange ions, which means you can not use the same zeolite forever. So at a certain time frame you have to replace it.
Kamis, 25 November 2010
Industri Gas Hidrogen
INDUSTRI GAS HIDROGEN
BAB I
PENDAHULUAN
Hidrogen (bahasa Latin: hydrogenium, dari bahasa Yunani: hydro: air, genes: membentuk) adalah unsur kimia pada tabel periodik yang memiliki simbol H dan nomor atom 1. Pada suhu dan tekanan standar hidrogen tidak berwarna, tidak berbau, bersifat non-logam, bervalensi tunggal, dan merupakan gas diatomik yang sangat mudah terbakar. Dengan massa atom 1,00794 amu, hidrogen adalah unsur teringan di dunia. Hidrogen juga adalah unsur paling melimpah dengan persentase kira-kira 75% dari total massa unsur alam semesta. Kebanyakan bintang dibentuk oleh hidrogen dalam keadaan plasma. Senyawa hidrogen relatif langka dan jarang dijumpai secara alami di bumi, dan biasanya dihasilkan secara industri dari berbagai senyawa hidrokarbon seperti metana. Hidrogen juga dapat dihasilkan dari air melalui proses elektrolisis, namun proses ini secara komersial lebih mahal daripada produksi hidrogen dari gas alam. Isotop hidrogen yang paling banyak dijumpai di alam adalah protium, yang inti atomnya hanya mempunyai proton tunggal dan tanpa neutron. Senyawa ionik hidrogen dapat bermuatan positif (kation) ataupun negatif (anion). Hidrogen dapat membentuk senyawa dengan kebanyakan unsur dan dapat dijumpai dalam air dan senyawa-senyawa organik. Hidrogen sangat penting dalam reaksi asam basa yang mana banyak reaksi ini melibatkan pertukaran proton antar molekul terlarut. Oleh karena hidrogen merupakan satu-satunya atom netral yang persamaan Schrödingernya dapat diselesaikan secara analitik, kajian pada energetika dan ikatan atom hidrogen memainkan peran yang sangat penting dalam perkembangan mekanika kuantum. Sejarah hidrogen terjadi telah meliputi kurun waktu yang cukup lama, mulai dari sebuah penemuan hingga akhirnya dikembangkan dan terus dikembangkan oleh berbagai ilmuwan sehingga hidrogen pun juga berkembang manfaat dan sepesifikasinya. Hingga kini hidrogen dapat digunakan di berbagai bidang industri kimia.
BAB II
ISI
- Sejarah Hidrogen
Gas hidrogen H2 pertama kali dihasilkan secara artifisial oleh T. Von Hohenheim (dikenal juga sebagai Paracelsus, 1493–1541) melalui pencampuran logam dengan asam kuat. Dia tidak menyadari bahwa gas mudah terbakar yang dihasilkan oleh reaksi kimia ini adalah unsur kimia yang baru. Pada tahun, Robert Boyle menemukan kembali dan mendeskripsikan reaksi antara besi dan asam yang menghasilkan gas hidrogen. Pada tahun 1766, Henry Cavendish adalah orang yang pertama mengenali gas hidrogen sebagai zat diskret dengan mengidentifikasikan gas tersebut dari reaksi logam-asam sebagai "udara yang mudah terbakar". Pada tahun 1781 dia lebih lanjut menemukan bahwa gas ini menghasilkan air ketika dibakar. Pada tahun 1783, Antoine Lavoisier memberikan unsur ini dengan nama hidrogen (dari Bahasa Yunani hydro yang artinya air dan genes yang artinya membentuk). Ketika dia dan Laplace mengulang kembali penemuan Cavendish yang mengatakan pembakaran hidrogen menghasilkan air.
Hidrogen pertama kali dicairkan oleh James Dewar pada tahun 1898 dengan menggunakan penemuannya guci hampa. Dia kemudian menghasilkan hidrogen padat. Balon pertama yang diisikan dengan hidrogen diciptakan oleh Jacques Charles pada tahun 1783. Hidrogen memberikan tenaga dorong untuk perjalanan udara yang aman . Pada tahun 1852 Henri Giffard menciptakan kapal udara yang diangkat oleh hidrogen. Bangsawan Jerman Ferdinand von Zeppelin mempromosikan idenya tentang kapal udara yang diangkat dengan hidrogen dan kemudian dinamakan Zeppelin dengan penerbangan perdana pada tahun 1900.
- Spesifikasi Bahan
Walaupun H2 tidak begitu reaktif dalam keadaan standar, ia masih dapat membentuk senyawa dengan kebanyakan unsur. Jutaan jenis hidrokarbon telah diketahui, namun itu semua tidaklah dihasilkan secara langsung dari hidrogen dan karbon. Hidrogen dapat membentuk senyawa dengan unsur yang lebih elektronegatif seperti halogen (F, Cl, Br, I), dalam senyawa ini hidrogen memiliki muatan parsial positif. Ketika berikatan dengan fluor, oksigen ataupun nitrogen, hidrogen dapat berpartisipasi dalam bentuk ikatan non-kovalen yang kuat, yang disebut dengan ikatan hidrogen yang sangat penting untuk menjaga kestabilan kebanyakan molekul biologi. Hidrogen juga membentuk senyawa dengan unsur yang kurang elektronegatif seperti logam dan metaloid, yang mana hidrogen memiliki muatan parsial negatif. Senyawa ini dikenal dengan nama hidrida. Hidrogen membentuk senyawa yang sangat banyak dengan karbon. Oleh karena asosiasi senyawa itu dengan kebanyakan zat hidup, senyawa ini disebut sebagai senyawa organik. Studi sifat-sifat senyawa tersebut disebut kimia organik dan studi dalam konteks kehidupan organisme dinamakan biokimia. Pada beberapa definisi, senyawa "organik" hanya memerlukan atom karbon untuk disebut sebagai organik. Namun kebanyakan senyawa organik mengandung atom hidrogen. Dan oleh karena ikatan ikatan hidrogen-karbon inilah yang memberikan karakteristik sifat-sifat hidrokarbon, ikatan hidrogen-karbon diperlukan untuk beberapa definisi dari kata "organik" di kimia.
Dalam kimia anorganik, hidrida dapat berperan sebagai ligan penghubung yang menghubungkan dua pusat logam dalam kompleks berkoordinasi. Fungsi ini umum ditemukan pada unsur golongan 13, terutama pada kompleks borana (hidrida boron) dan aluminium serta karborana yang bergerombol.
Senyawa hidrogen sering disebut sebagai hidrida, sebuah istilah yang tidak mengikat. Oleh kimiawan, istilah "hidrida" biasanya memiliki arti atom H yang mendapat sifat anion, ditandai dengan H−. Keberadaan anion hidrida, dikemukakan oleh Gilbert N. Lewis pada tahun 1916 untuk gologngan I dan II hidrida garam, didemonstrasikan oleh Moers pada tahun 1920 dengan melakukan elektrolisis litium hidrida cair (LiH) yang menghasilkan sejumlah hidrogen pada anoda. Untuk hidrida selain logam golongan I dan II, istilah ini sering kali membuat kesalahpahaman oleh karena elektronegativitas hidrogen yang rendah. Pengecualian adalah hidrida golongan II BeH2 yang polimerik. Walaupun hidrida dapat dibentuk dengan hampir semua golongan unsur, jumlah dan kombinasi dari senyawa bervariasi, sebagai contoh terdapat lebih dari 100 hidrida borana biner yang diketahui, namun cuma satu hidrida aluminium biner yang diketahui. Hidrida indium biner sampai sekarang belum diketahui, walaupun sejumlah komplek yang lebih besar eksis.
Isotop
Protium, isotop hidrogen yang paling umum dijumpai, memiliki satu proton dan satu elektron. Keunikan isotop ini adalah ia tidak mempunya neutron
Hidrogen memiliki tiga isotop alami, ditandai dengan 1H, 2H, dan 3H. Isotop lainnya yang tidak stabil (4H to 7H) juga telah disintesiskan di laboratorium namun tidak pernah dijumpai secara alami.
1H adalah isotop hidrogen yang paling melimpah, memiliki persentase 99.98% dari jumlah atom hidrogen. Oleh karena inti atom isotop ini hanya memiliki proton tunggal, ia diberikan nama yang deskriptif sebagai protium, namun nama ini jarang sekali digunakan.
2H, isotop hidrogen lainnya yang stabil, juga dikenal sebagai deuterium dan mengandung satu proton dan satu neutron pada intinya. Deuterium tidak bersifat radioaktif, dan tidak memberikan bahaya keracunan yang signifikan. Air yang atom hidrogennya merupakan isotop deuterium dinamakan air berat. Deuterium dan senyawanya digunakan sebagai penanda non-radioaktif pada percobaan kimia dan untuk pelarut 1H-spektroskopi NMR. Air berat digunakan sebagai moderator neutron dan pendingin pada reaktor nuklir. Deuterium juga berpotensi sebagai bahan bakar fusi nuklir komersial.
3H dikenal dengan nama tritium dan mengandung satu proton dan dua neutron pada intinya. Ia memiliki sifat radioaktif, dan mereras menjadi Helium-3 melalui pererasan beta dengan umur paruh 12,32 tahun. Sejumlah kecil tritium dapat dijumpai di alam oleh karena interaksi sinar kosmos dengan atmosfer bumi, tritium juga dilepaskan selama uji coba nuklir. Ia juga digunakan dalam reaksi fusi nuklir, sebagai penanda dalam geokimia isotop, dan terspesialisasi pada peralatan self-powered lighting. Tritium juga digunakan dalam penandaan percobaan kimia dan biologi sebagai radiolabel.
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